When you make your offer on a property there are a few things to keep in mind to give you the upper hand in the negotiation
Here are 16 tactics that should help you.
1. Substantiate Your Offer
Provide an explanation for your offer.
For example, your first offer might be based on the lowest recent comparable sale of a property in the area, less an amount of say $20,000.
You would then justify this discount based on defects in the property you’re buying.
If you get to the stage of making counter offers, attempt to validate these counter offers in the same way.
This will give your negotiating more credibility and force.
The reason that it’s important to have a rationale to support your offer is because this affects the seller’s expectations about what you’re prepared to pay and usually will soften their response when they make a counter offer.
Property developer John Potter says, “When you’re dealing with a more sophisticated seller, for example on the sale of a development site or someone who is experienced and understands the feasibility process, send them a copy of your feasibility and go through the numbers.
Substantiate your offer in this way. It’s very hard for them to argue with the figures, particularly on matters such as the amounts for civil works.”
2.The Amount Of Your First Offer
It’s there that the importance of good preparation shows its real value.
Making an offer which is too “low ball” can sometimes insult a seller.
This could prompt them to refuse to deal with you after that.
The amount of your first offer is a balance therefore between the desire to secure the property at the best price possible, and presenting an offer that is credible, but without being offensive to the seller.
This is where it’s important to have some rational basis for the offer, as discussed earlier.
Potter says, “Be very careful about going in too low. This is really a cultural thing in many ways, as I recall once offering to buy a shopping centre for way below its listing price. The people who owned the property were Chinese and they didn’t talk to me for months after my offer as they were offended. This cultural response is far different to the response of Americans or Aussies who would not withdraw from the negotiation process because they were offended by a low offer.”
“If I had my time again, I wouldn’t have offered such a low price and would have made a more realistic offer.
This approach avoids running the risk of losing the property by offending the seller.”
3. Beware Of Splitting The Difference
A sale price is often struck by splitting the difference between the seller’s lowest sale price and the buyer’s highest offer.
Beware of this strategy.
For example, if you make an offer to purchase a property for $300,000 and the seller wants $340,000, the first person to offer to split the difference will usually be the loser.
If you as a buyer offer to split the difference by increasing your offer to $320,000, the seller’s classic response will be to offer to split the difference between the offer of $320,000 and their price of $340,000.
In other words, you pay $330,000 and not $320,000.
The better approach is to increase your offer by small increments.
For example, offer $310,000 with your next offer after that to be $315,000 and your offer after that to be $317,500.
Each offer should go up in decreasing amount as this suggests to the seller that you’re running out of steam and they had better accept your offer.
As part of this strategy it’s also wise to delay making the next incremental offer, as this adds to the impression that you’re running out of momentum.
As a negotiating strategy, the only time that you would offer to split the difference first was where your first offer was so outrageously low that the figures are already stacked in your favour.
4. Authority
A clever negotiating strategy the only time that you would offer to split the difference first was where your first offer was so outrageously low that the figures area already stacked in your favour.
Often the claim is phoney.
This tactic can be used to extract further concessions which wouldn’t have been made, because the other party thought they’d concluded a deal with the person who had authority to make the decision.
As a lawyer, when I’m confronted with this blunt tactic by another lawyer negotiating a deal, I usually respond with: “Oh no, not the phoney no authority routine again.”
Potter says, “I use this tactic a lot (as a buyer). It gives you time to think about the offer and gives you a second shot at it. I usually throw it in towards the end of the negotiation process when other concessions have already been made.
Be careful not to say you need to ‘check with your husband or your wife’ as this sounds very ordinary and weakens your authority. It’s much better to say that you need to check with your fellow director or your business partner.”
5. Negotiate The Conditions
Agents operate on the principle that “yes is less.” 
That means the less conditions and the less matters that are dealt with in your offer, the greater the chance they have of getting a yes from the seller, and an acceptance of your offer.
But you shouldn’t work on the same principle.
From your perspective as a buyer, a simple offer to buy a property on a 10 per cent deposit, settlement in 45 days, cash unconditional, will work against you, as the only thing you can negotiate over is the price.
In this example, experienced negotiators might make their offer subject to finance, pest and building inspections with say, a 120-day settlement and much smaller deposit with as many inclusions as possible in the sale.
This will allow them the opportunity to negotiate away some of these matters, ultimately arriving at a settlement with a 10 per cent deposit, 45-day settlement, but at a reduced price.
6. Using Conditional Clauses
Many people add clauses to their offer, such as making it subject to a pest and building inspection, and then attempt to use these clauses to drive the price down.
The last time I saw this used in practice was where a client purchased a property subject to a pest and building inspection, and advised the seller that as the building inspection revealed a number of building defects that had to be rectified, they would proceed with the purchase but only if the price was reduced by $15,000.
Unfortunately, for the naive buyer this seller was present when the building inspector conducted the inspection. 
The inspector had advised the seller that the house was in pretty good shape for a house of this age, other than needing a bit of minor work.
The buyer’s attempt to drive the price down by using the pest and building clause was transparent and destroyed the goodwill between the parties.
The buyer was “just having a go” and proceeded with the purchase anyway.
The seller repaid the buyer’s ruthlessness and lack of sincerity on settlement date when the buyer asked for approval for their removalists to move the furniture in at 11 o’clock in the morning, some four hours before the agreed settlement time of 3pm.
The seller refused, as they were entitled to, as settlement had not yet taken place and the buyer had to pick up the cost of the removalist’s standing time for four hours until they could get access to the house.
There is therefore a real danger in using these clauses to lever down the price. 
However, there is one clause that you can genuinely use to do so.
That is, make the contract subject to a valuation.
If the valuation does not come in at the purchase price then you can provide a copy of the valuation to the seller and genuinely ask for a reduction in the price.
“Subject to valuation” clauses are one of the few clauses you can use to genuinely lever down the price – a small negotiating point that can become very big where you’re looking to achieve a win/win situation from the negotiations because of a continuing relationship between the parties after the settlement.
Potter says: “I really get offended by this strategy when I’m a seller and I sense people are trying to use things like building clause and pest inspection clause to drive the price down for hollow reasons. I use the reverse selling principle and tell them that if they feel that way I would rather they didn’t buy the property as I want to sell it to someone who loves it. This usually brings them right back to the table and they then waive the problem and proceed on regardless.”
7. The Big Deposit Myth
All too often people try to make their offer as enticing as possible by attaching a large deposit cheque for 10 per cent of the purchase price.
The flaw in this strategy is that most people negotiate to buy a property subject to various conditions (pest and building report, sale of another property, finance, etc.).
The power of attaching a big deposit is lost or watered down substantially by these conditional clauses.
You might as well put down a token deposit (for example $1,000) till the conditions are all satisfied and then pay the balance deposit up to 10 per cent.
8. Be Careful What You Say
Be careful about the comments you make in relation to the amount of your offer.
Statements such as: “this is my highest offer,” or “this is the most that I can pay, take it or leave it,” can work against you.
If the seller doesn’t accept this offer, you can’t then credibly go back and make a higher offer.
The seller will get suspicious because you have just told them that you couldn’t go any higher.
Statements like this undermine any trust that you may have with the agent and the vendor and are counter-productive to the negotiating process.
Avoid them unless they are absolutely true.
9. The Ghost Theory
Potter says, “I always use the ghost theory. I always tell the agent the I’m looking at another property through another agent and of course, given the confidentiality of dealing with agents I cannot mention the agent or the property.”
“I’m always confident that the agent then passes this onto their client, the vendor, and creates the impression that I’m not too keen a buyer. This levels the playing field.”
10. 
Wait For A Response
Patience is a virtue in negotiation.
Once you’ve made an offer it’s important to wait for the seller’s response.
If they won’t respond to your offer, then walk away.
Don’t be tempted to make a further offer without hearing from the vendor.
To make another offer is to send a strong message to the seller that you’re keen and they will probably take advantage of you.
11. Get Something In Return
Likewise, don’t make a concession in the negotiations without getting a concession in return.
12. Take Your Time
Never say, “Let’s cut to the chase”.
Remember you must play the game so that the other party feels that they’ve gotten a good deal.
Statements like this send a clear message that you’re over willing and over keen and you could end up at the bottom of the food chain, consumed by the more experienced and sometimes predatory negotiator.
13. Negotiating For A Team
If you’re negotiating to buy a property on behalf of a group of investors or on behalf of a joint venture, remember the “divide and conquer” rule.
That is, don’t let the seller divide and conquer you.
Make sure all negotiations are through one person only and appoint one person as the spokesperson for the group.
In reverse, if you have the opportunity and talk to each of them about the property and ask questions of each of them.
You have your best chance of getting to the truth by doing so and you’ll gather more information about the property to help you with the negotiation.
14. Don’t Attack The Property Or Seller
Never get personal with the negotiations.
For example, you wouldn’t describe the property as a “dog box”, a “demolition job” or a “haven for drug dealers and prostitutes”.
None of these comments are likely to achieve a reduction in the price.
You’re better served if you advise the seller that the property clearly has potential, but it’s obviously in need of work to bring it up to its best condition (which will cost say $40,000) and your offer is adjusted accordingly. 
A local investor was recently looking at a property that I owned, which was in a great location, but not up to standard with the other mansions around it.
Instead of telling me that my house was a “bulldozer job” he cleverly told me that I was the owner of a great property in a great area, but it was under-developed and we needed to start again.
I left the negotiations feeling good about myself and the property rather than being resentful of him and, as often is the case, determined to sell it to anyone else.
Potter says, “I never bully and always try to be an empathetic listener.
I also never look too urgent to do a deal.
I try and promote myself as being an empathetic listener who is ready to do a deal, but not desperate to do so.
“I like to be empathetic because buyers are easy to deal with if they feel that they have been heard and listened to. Let them talk as much as they want. And just listen (without responding), as often when they start talking they simply run themselves out and talk their own arguments out.”
Another typical comment that doesn’t do anything to promote the negotiation process is: “Don’t be offended by this offer, it’s not personal”.
To which the other party will always respond “Yes, it is”.
15. Creating Doubt
If you’re confronted with a seller or an agent who is also a hard bargainer then the best approach to their stance is to create doubt.
That is, do your best to create doubt about the value they’ve placed on the property.
For example, use comparative sales data, or reports from independent experts such as Residex, Matusik and BIS Shrapnel about trends within their area and State.
16. Ethics
All hard-bargaining negotiation has to be tempered so that you feel comfortable.
For lawyers and agents involved in the process, there are ethical and professional guidelines that prevent them from lying, making misrepresentations or being involved in misleading or deceptive conduct. 
The bar is not set as high with investors, however there have been many cases involving real estate sales where the parties themselves have been found guilty of misleading and deceptive conduct in breach of the Trade Practices Act, or held to have committed unconscionable conduct in taking unfair advantage of the other party in the transaction.
There is no excuse for ruthless and unethical behaviour by anyone.
Remember, it’s usually only about money, and money isn’t everything.
That’s true, but also remember it’s right up there with oxygen – that is, try living without it.
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